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Karaf can be used standalone as a container, supporting a wide range of applications and technologies.It also supports the run anywhere on any machine with Java.Introduction. In the early days, web servers deliver static contents that are indifferent to users requests.Java servlets are serverside programs running inside a.Create-a-project-and-add-the-PostgreSQL-JDBC-Driver-jar-File.gif' alt='Configure Jdbc Driver In Netbeans Jdk' title='Configure Jdbc Driver In Netbeans Jdk' />Configure Jdbc Driver In Netbeans Jdk 7Apache Karaf Container 4.Documentation. 4.Installation. Apache Karaf is a lightweight container, very easy to install and administrate, on both Unix and Windows platforms.Requirements. Hardware 5.MB of free disk space for the Apache Karaf binary distribution.Operating Systems Windows Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows 2.Windows Vista, Windows XP SP2, Windows 2.Unix Red. Hat Enterprise Linux, Debian, Su.SEOpen. Su. SE, Cent.OS, Fedora, Ubuntu, Mac.OS, AIX, HP UX, Solaris, any Unix platform that supports Java.Environment 4. 1.Using Apache Karaf binary distributions.Apache Karaf is available in two distributions, both as a tar.The default distribution is a ready to use distribution, with pre installed features.The minimal distribution is like the minimal distributions that you can find for most of Unix distributions.Only the core layer is packaged, most of the features and bundles are downloaded from Internet at bootstrap.It means that Apache Karaf minimal distribution requires an Internet connection to start correctly.The features provided by the minimal distribution are exactly the same as in the default distribution, the difference.Internet. Installation on Windows platform.Note. The JAVAHOME environment variable has to be correctly defined.To accomplish that, press Windows key and Break key together, switch to Advanced tab and click on Environment Variables.Note. Remember the restrictions concerning illegal characters in Java paths, e.Note. In case you have to install Karaf into a very deep path or a path containing illegal characters for Java paths, e.S C your very problematic pathKARAFso your Karaf root directory is S which works for sure and is short to type.Installation on Unix platforms.Note. The JAVAHOME environment variable has to be correctly defined.Check the current value using.If its not correct, fix it using From a browser, navigate to http karaf.Download Apache Karaf binary distribution in the tar.Extract the files from the tar.KARAFHOME. For example gunzip apache karaf 4.Note. Remember the restrictions concerning illegal characters in Java paths, e.Post Installation steps.Thought it is not always required, it is strongly advised to set up the JAVAHOME environment property to point to the JDK you want Apache Karaf to use before starting it.This property is used to locate the java executable and should be configured to point to the home directory of the Java SE 7 installation.By default, all Apache Karaf files are gather in one directory the KARAFHOME.You can define your own directory layout, by using some Karaf environment variables KARAFDATA is the location of the data folder, where Karaf stores temporary files.KARAFETC is the location of the etc folder, where Karaf stores configuration files.KARAFBASE is the Karaf base folder.By default KARAFBASE is the same as KARAFHOME.Building from Sources.If you intend to build Apache Karaf from the sources, the requirements are a bit different Hardware 5.MB of free disk space for the Apache Karaf source distributions or SVN checkout, the Maven build and the dependencies Maven downloads.Environment Building on Windows platform.You can get the Apache Karaf sources from git clone https git wip us.Use Apache Maven to build Apache Karaf Note.You can speed up the build by bypassing the unit tests mvn clean install Dskip.Tests. Now, you can find the built binary distribution in assembliesapache karaftargetapache karaf 4.Building on Unix platforms.You can get the Apache Karaf sources from git clone https git wip us.Use Apache Maven to build Apache Karaf Note.You can speed up the build by bypassing the unit tests mvn clean install Dskip.Tests. Now, you can find the built binary distribution in assembliesapache karaftargetapache karaf 4.Directory structure.The directory layout of a Karaf installation is as follows bin control scripts to start, stop, login, demos contains some simple Karaf samplesetc configuration filesdata working directorydatacache OSGi framework bundle cachedatagenerated bundles temporary folder used by the deployersdatalog log filesdeploy hot deploy directoryinstances directory containing instancesinstanceslib contains librarieslibboot contains the syste libraries used at Karaf bootstraplibendorsed directory for endorsed librarieslibext directory for JRE extensionssystem OSGi bundles repository, laid out as a Maven 2 repository.Note. The data folder contains all the working and temporary files for Karaf.If you want to restart from a clean state, you can wipe out this directory, which has the same effect as.Karaf start. 4. 3.Start, stop, restart, connect.Start. Apache Karaf supports different start mode the regular mode starts Apache Karaf in foreground, including the shell console.Apache Karaf in foreground, without the shell console.Apache Karaf in background.You can also manage Apache Karaf as a system service see System Service section.Regular mode. The regular mode uses the binkaraf Unix script binkaraf.Windows. Its the default start process.It starts Apache Karaf as a foreground process, and displays the shell console.On Unix binkaraf.Apache Karaf 4. 0.Hit lt tab for a list of available commands.Hit lt ctrl d or type system shutdown or logout to shutdown Karaf.On Windows binkaraf.Apache Karaf 4. 0.Hit lt tab for a list of available commands.Hit lt ctrl d or type system shutdown or logout to shutdown Karaf.Note. Closing the console or shell window will cause Apache Karaf to terminate.Server mode. The server mode starts Apache Karaf as a foreground process, but it doesnt start the shell console.To use this mode, you use the server argument to the binkaraf Unix script binkaraf.Windows. On Unix On Windows Note.Closing the console or shell window will cause Apache Karaf to terminate.You can connect to the shell console using SSH or client see the Connect section in this page.Background mode. The background mode starts Apache Karaf as a background process.To start in background mode, you have to use binstart Unix script binstart.Windows. On Unix On Windows You can connect to the shell console using SSH or client see the Connect section in this page.Clean start. Apache Karaf stores all previously applications installed and changes that you did in the data folder.If you want to start from a clean state, you can remove the data folder. Ohio Drivers License Suspension Laws . For convenience, you can use the clean argument to the binkaraf Unix script binkaraf.Windows. On Unix On Windows Customize variables.Apache Karaf accepts environment variables JAVAMINMEM minimum memory for the JVM default is 1.M. JAVAMAXMEM maximum memory for the JVM default is 5.M. JAVAPERMMEM minimum perm memory for the JVM default is JVM default value.JAVAMAXPERMMEM maximum perm memory for the JVM default is JVM default value.KARAFHOME the location of your Apache Karaf installation default is found depending where you launch the startup script.KARAFBASE the location of your Apache Karaf base default is KARAFHOME.KARAFDATA the location of your Apache Karaf data folder default is KARAFBASEdata.KARAFETC the location of your Apache Karaf etc folder default is KARAFBASEetc.KARAFOPTS extra arguments passed to the Java command line default is null.KARAFDEBUG if true, enable the debug mode default is null.If debug mode is enabled, Karaf starts a JDWP socket on port 5.You can plug your IDE to define breakpoints, and run step by step.You can define these environment variables in binsetenv Unix script binsetenv.Windows. For instance, to set the minimum and maximum memory size for the JVM, you can define the following values On Unix Content of binsetenv.JAVAMINMEM2. 56. M.JAVAMAXMEM1. MOn Windows rem Content of binsetenv.JAVAMINMEM2. 56. M.JAVAMAXMEM1. MConnect.Even if you start Apache Karaf without the console using server or background modes, you can connect to the console.This connection can be local or remote.It means that you can access to Karaf console remotely.To connect to the console, you can use the binclient Unix script binclient.Windows. On Unix binclient.Logging in as karaf.WARN org. apache.Accept. All. Server.Key. Verifier Server at 0.Apache Karaf 4. 0.Hit lt tab for a list of available commands. PC World DEC 2. 01. 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Es formato nativo de DAEMON Tools que le permite usar la funcionalidad del programa completo.Sintase libre de utilizar gran variedad de herramientas y posibilidades con formato MDX para imgenes de disco.Noregistration upload of files up to 250MB.Not available in some countries.Launching a successful Facebook group is a definite art.Also, with Daemon Tools standard, I install disc one, I eject it and mount disc two, run teh setup and click okay, Ive inserted disc two, and keep trying to click.Daemon Tools Pro Advanced V 4.41 Working Crack' title='Daemon Tools Pro Advanced V 4.41 Working Crack' />Does Meat Rot In Your Colon No.What Does Beans, Grains, and Vegetables How many times have we all heard this bunk myth repeatedHumans cant actually digest meat it rots in the colon.And its variant Meat takes 4 7 days to digest, because it has to rot in your stomach first.Some variations on this myth claim it takes up to two monthsLike most vegetarian propaganda, its not just false, its an inversion of truth.As the proverb says, When you point your finger, your other three fingers point back at you.Lets take a short trip through the digestive system to see why A Trip Through The Human Digestive System abridgedBriefly, the function of digestion is to break food down as far as possiblehopefully into individual fats, amino acids the building blocks of protein, and sugars the building blocks of carbohydrates which can be absorbed through the intestinal wall and used by our bodies.Click the picture for a more in depth description, courtesy of the University of Cincinnatis biology department.Here we go We crush food in the mouth, where amylase an enzyme breaks down some of the starches.In the stomach, pepsin another enzyme breaks down proteins, and strong hydrochloric acid p.H 1. 5 3, average of 2this is why it stings when you vomit further dissolves everything.The resulting acidic slurry is called chymeand right away we can see that the meat rots in your stomach theory is baloney.Nothing rots in a vat of p.H 2 hydrochloric acid and pepsin.On average, a mixed meal including meat takes 4 5 hours to completely leave the stomachso weve busted yet another part of the myth.Keep in mind that we have not absorbed any nutrients yet were still breaking everything down.Click the picture for more fascinating information on gastrointestinal transit timesEventually our pyloric valve opens, and our stomach releases the chyme, bit by bit, into our small intestinewhere a collection of salts and enzymes goes to work.Bile emulsifies fats and helps neutralize stomach acid lipase breaks down fats trypsin and chymotrypsin break down proteins and enzymes like amylase, maltase, sucrase, and in the lactose tolerant lactase break down starches and some sugars.Meanwhile, the surface of the small intestine absorbs anything that our enzymes have broken down into sufficiently small componentsusually individual amino acids, simple sugars, and free fatty acids.Finally our ileocecal valve opens, and our small intestine releases whats left into our large intestinewhich is a giant bacterial colony, containing literally trillions of bacteria And the reason we have a bacterial colony in our colon is because our own enzymes cant break down everything we eat.So our gut bacteria go to work and digest some of the remainder, sometimes producing waste products that we can absorb.And, often, a substantial quantity of farts.The remaining indigestible plant matter fiber, dead gut bacteria, and other waste emerge as feces.It turns out that pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and our other proteases do a fine job of breaking down meat protein, and bile salts and lipase do a fine job of breaking down animal fat.In other words, meat is digested by enzymes produced by our own bodies.The primary reason we need our gut bacteria is to digest the sugars, starches, and fiberfound in grains, beans, and vegetablesthat our digestive enzymes cant break down.Now what is that called, again, when food is being digested by bacteria In other words, meat doesnt rot in your colon.GRAINS, BEANS, and VEGETABLES rot in your colon. 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And that is a fact.And Thats Why Beans Make You Fart.Its easy to tell when your gut bacteria are doing the work, instead of your digestive enzymes you fart.That is why beans and starches make you fart, but meat doesnt theyre rotting in your colon, and the products of bacterial decomposition include methane and carbon dioxide gases.Heres a list of flatulence causing foods, and heres another A partial inventory Beans, lentils, dairy products, onions, garlic, scallions, leeks, turnips, rutabagas, radishes, sweet potatoes, potatoes, cashews, Jerusalem artichokes, oats, wheat, and yeast in breads.Cauliflower, broccoli, cabbage, Brussels sprouts and other cruciferous vegetablesOne side benefit of a paleo diet is the elimination of the biggest, stinkiest fart producerbeans due to the indigestible sugar raffinoseand several smaller ones wheat, oats, all grain products.And it sure seems like my gut bacteria have less to do now that my amylase and sucrase supplies arent being overwhelmed by an avalanche of starch and sugar.But wait Theres another punchline Whenever we eat grains, beans, and vegetables, were not digesting and absorbing much of the plant matterwere actually absorbing bacterial waste products.Rephrased less diplomatically Youre not eating plants youre eating BACTERIA POOP.Supporting Evidence Where Things Rot.I know I really should have ended this article at the punchlines, but Ive got more to say.Digestion is fascinating And before we go any farther, I am not arguing that we should never eat vegetables Im just busting a silly myth.First, Ill footnote the essay above with these references.J Appl Bacteriol.Jan 6. 41 3. 7 4.Contribution of the microflora to proteolysis in the human large intestine.Macfarlane GT, Allison C, Gibson SA, Cummings JH.In the stomach and the proximal small bowel, the microorganisms found as normal flora are a reflection of the oral flora.Bacterial concentrations in this region are 1.In the colon, bacterial concentrations of 1.In other words, there are roughly 1.So bacterial digestion rotting is not significant anywhere in our digestive tract but the colon.Appl Environ Microbiol.Mar 5. 53 6. 79 8.Significance of microflora in proteolysis in the colon.Gibson SA, Mc. Farlan C, Hay S, Mac.Farlane GT. Proteolytic activity was significantly greater than P less than 0.Thats a mere 3. 4 of proteolytic activity occurring in the feces vs.If meat were being digested in the colon, we would expect a far greater amount of proteolysis to occur there.And that 3. 4 is likely due to dead intestinal bacteria which make up a significant fraction of feces, not undigested meat.Then, Ill add this firsthand experience from an intestinal transplant survivor who spent months with a jejunostomy, watching the contents of his stomach drain directly into a bag.Can Humans Digest MeatBecause I had such an extremely short bowel, my output was very high because no absorption had taken place.I was fed and hydrated by infusion and could literally live without eating or drinking at all.Because of my excessive output, we had to make a rig that had a hose extending from the ostomy bag that drained into a one gallon jug.Often the hose would get clogged and my wife or sister would have to use a coat hanger wire to unplug it.Now if vegan pseudoscience is right, we would suspect that the hose was being plugged by pieces of meat.Never once did we see any solid chunks of meat.I became so curious about this that I once swallowed the largest chunk of meat I could possibly get down without choking.Because of the shortness of my bowel, it only took about twenty minutes for my stomach to empty into the ostomy.Better than two hours later, there were no signs of any meat chunks.What was always clogging the ostomy tube were pieces of vegetables that were not fully chewed.Entire pieces of olive, lettuce, broccoli florets, grains and seeds were found.Yet, large pieces of fat were never witnessed.As a matter of fact, all the fat from the meat was already emulsified by the bile into solution.Over time, fat would coagulate on the side walls of the ostomy bag, but never were there any solid pieces observed.Click for full article Can Humans Digest Meat.Most Vegetation Doesnt Even Rot In The Colon, Because Humans Arent Herbivores.Most of the edible part of a plant is cellulose, a polysaccharide i.In fact, no digestive enzyme, in any animal, is capable of breaking down cellulose So the only way that any animal can fully digest plants is for its gut bacteria to break down cellulose, and its intestines absorb the waste products.Ruminant digestive system, courtesy of the University of Minnesota.Click for article.Ruminants, including cattle, bison, deer, antelope, goats, and other red meat, have a special extra stomach called the rumen.
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Senior Chemistry Extended Experimental Investigations Please note the suggestions below are just ideas for EEIs they have been trialled but do not guarantee success.It is up to the teacher and student to see if they are practical for their school situation.Any task documents from schools are not exemplars they are merely tasks that have been successfully used in assessment in Queensland schools but may have since been modified.Want some hints for doing a great Chem EEI Go to the How to do a Deadly EEI in Chemistry webpage.Want some experiments for a Biology EEI Go to the Biology EEI suggestions webpage.Want some experiments for a Physics EEI Go to the Physics EEI suggestions webpage.Want some hints on Extended Response Tasks Go to How to do a Deadly ERT in Chem webpage Scroll down for the EEIs.RISK ASSESSMENT Teachers in non government schools may find the Queensland Department of Education and Trainings Curriculum Activity Risk Management Guidelines CARA useful.Fermentation and the alcoholic content of wine analysis by titration The quality of Queensland wines is now recognised as amongst the best in Australia.Overseas exports are increasing, particularly to international markets seeking premium quality boutique wines.The Queensland wine industry has grown significantly over the years to cover a total of 1.The majority of this growth has occurred during the past 2.Adobe Macromedia Software Llc All Rights Reserved Sign here.State. However, winemaking is still somewhat of an art but is strongly informed by science.Thus an interesting EEI can be undertaken in this context.THE MOST IMPORTANT INDEPENDENT VARIABLES IN FERMENTATIONThere are two key independent variables worth considering a Sugar concentration.After crushing the grapes the next step in the making of wine is the fermentation of the grape juice and pulp with various yeasts and bacteria.Most books say that the amount of ethanol produced is dependent on the sugar concentration of the starting juice but then give four different equations depending on assumptions made such as the ratio and purity of glucose and fructose or whether the fermentation gets stuck at the primary stage.The most common relationship is a linear one y 0.EEI could investigate that.In Eq 3 T is temperature in R, P is pressure in psia and the fitted values of the bij coefficients are reported in an NGAA publication 7.Issuu is a digital publishing platform that makes it simple to publish magazines, catalogs, newspapers, books, and more online.Easily share your publications and get.Bubble Point and Dew Point with Raoults Law Key concept.When calculating either a bubble point or a dew point, one quantity is key, and this is the overall.Introduction.The DWSIM Excel AddIn enables usage of some lowlevel internal functions in DWSIM, exposed so far only to CAPEOPEN compatible software.PEG%20Examples/PEG%20Example%20Limiting%20Activity%20Coefficient.png' alt='Modified Raoult S Law Activity Coefficients' title='Modified Raoult S Law Activity Coefficients' />A good EEI would be to use fresh grape juice or simulate grape juice with 1.L glucose or an equal mix of glucose and fructose, adding a controlled amount of yeast and wine acids and fermenting to stillness at constant temperature.Temperature.Fermentation is an exothermic reaction so heat is generated during the process.To control the heat, the winemaker must choose a suitable vessel size or else use a cooling device.In the case of an EEI, you might control the temperature by use of a water bath or a refrigerator.Typically, white wine is fermented between 1.C though a wine maker may choose to use a higher temperature to bring out some of the complexity of the wine.Red wine is typically fermented at higher temperatures up to 2.C.Fermentation at higher temperatures may have adverse effect on the wine in stunning the yeast to inactivity and even boiling off some of the flavors of the wines.How temperature and the final concentration of alcohol are related would make an ideal EEI.OTHER INDEPENDENT VARIABLES WORTH CONSIDERINGc Acidity.This is not such an important one and the effects may be small but nevertheless important.You could repeat it with acidity as the independent variable and controlling the amount of sugar, yeast, temperature and so on.Type of yeast.As the alcohol concentration rises the yeast cell membranes become susceptible to rupture by the ethanol.Some yeasts are more susceptible than others.Bakers yeast is very susceptible and will die at just a few alcohol brewers yeasts for beer are okay up to 5 but some can survive in up to 9 alcohol and wine yeast usually go from about 1.Sav Blanc, Riesling 1.Or you could look at the susceptibility of yeasts to SO2 winemakers use SO2 in the form of sodium metabisulfite to kill off wild yeasts as these are less tolerant than wine yeast to the SO2.The interesting thing is that you could breed a yeast to survive higher alcohol concentrations like they do at wineries for their malo lactic fermentation of sparkling wines by slowly increasing the amount of alcohol in the brew from say a few to 1.This sounds more like a Biology EEI so Id better stop here.Sulfur dioxide.Sulfur dioxide is widely used in winemaking because of its antioxidant and antibacterial properties.You could hypothesise and test how SO2 affects the performance of yeast.Two common methods for determining SO2 in wine are included in the sulfite section later.SCHOOL WINEMAKING IN GENERALAny fruit or juice works just fine although some require more sugar to be added.James Palframan HOD Science at Mac.Gregor High School Brisbane adds a salutary note My year 1.The dragon fruit wine ended up being very expensive at approximately 1.Two successful used Wine EEI task sheets are from Otto Craig Wine EEI 1 and Melissa Dixon Wine EEI 2 but remember, these are not exemplars, they are just from submissions that have been to QSA District or State Panels for the purpose of review.Modified Raoult S Law Activity Coefficients' title='Modified Raoult S Law Activity Coefficients' />Also, my winemaking unit for chemistry teachers is available online.It is worth stressing here that you should not taste the wine being produced this is not because of the alcohol but rather because of the unsanitary conditions under which your wine is being made in a lab, not the Home Economics kitchen.If you intend tasting your wine then your risk assessment should state and evaluate that.If I was your teacher Id say no as it would not be worth the headache.THE DEPENDENT VARIABLEMEASURING THE ALCOHOL CONCENTRATION IN WINE The most common method is by redox titration.In this analysis, you add an excess of standardized acidified potassium dichromate solution to the wine which converts the ethanol to ethanoic acetic acid.The amount of unreacted dichromate is then determined by adding an excess of potassium iodide solution which is also oxidised by the potassium dichromate to form iodine.The iodine is then back titrated with a standard solution of sodium thiosulfate and a starch indicator.The titration results are used to calculate the ethanol content of the original solution.It is complex but works well and is very impressive.You have a problem if you are dealing with red wine as the red pigments mask the colour changes.In that case you have to extract the ethanol from the wine in effect, by various forms of distillation and carry on, as above, from there.Canterbury University NZ has quite a simple method for red wine see Canterbury alcohol titration.Chemistry teacher Emma Hodginkson from Mountain Creek State High has performed the Canterbury ethanol titration with her Year 1.When analysing commercial wine, her students get very close to the alcohol on the label.As it is a redox titration she says it works better in Year 1.Year 1.To overcome the practical difficulty in locating a small container to suspend above the dichromate they use a plastic water bottle lid suspended with cotton thread.Cool At All Hallows School, Brisbane, chemistry teacher Matthew Stuart uses a more compact method a boiling tube is used to hold the 2.L wine sample, and 8m.L dichromate solution is placed in a small fusion tube a small diameter test tube carefully slipped into the wine sample.Some parafilm is used to seal the boiling tube, or a suitably sized stopper if possible.With care, the small inner test tube will float on top of the wine sample, and these are left in a drying oven 5.C overnight to drive evaporate the ethanol to the dichromate solution.A pair of forceps is used to remove the dichromate tube without spilling into the wine sample, the outside rinsed with water, and then titrated.One caution in all of this merely measuring the concentration of the various components of a selection of wines ethanol, p.H, acidity and so on may not make a good EEI.Manipulation of variables gives students a better chance of demonstrating all aspects of the assessment criteria.Yeast type and alcohol concentration in wine.Chapter 1.Respiratory System.STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONMorton Lippmann.The respiratory system extends from the breathing zone just outside of the nose and mouth through the conductive airways in the head and thorax to the alveoli, where respiratory gas exchange takes place between the alveoli and the capillary blood flowing around them.Its prime function is to deliver oxygen O2 to the gas exchange region of the lung, where it can diffuse to and through the walls of the alveoli to oxygenate the blood passing through the alveolar capillaries as needed over a wide range of work or activity levels.In addition, the system must also 1 remove an equal volume of carbon dioxide entering the lungs from the alveolar capillaries 2 maintain body temperature and water vapour saturation within the lung airways in order to maintain the viability and functional capacities of the surface fluids and cells 3 maintain sterility to prevent infections and their adverse consequences and 4 eliminate excess surface fluids and debris, such as inhaled particles and senescent phagocytic and epithelial cells.It must accomplish all of these demanding tasks continuously over a lifetime, and do so with high efficiency in terms of performance and energy utilization.The system can be abused and overwhelmed by severe insults such as high concentrations of cigarette smoke and industrial dust, or by low concentrations of specific pathogens which attack or destroy its defence mechanisms, or cause them to malfunction.Its ability to overcome or compensate for such insults as competently as it usually does is a testament to its elegant combination of structure and function.Mass Transfer The complex structure and numerous functions of the human respiratory tract have been summarized concisely by a Task Group of the International Commission on Radiological Protection ICRP 1.The conductive airways, also known as the respiratory dead space, occupy about 0.They condition the inhaled air and distribute it, by convective bulk flow, to the approximately 6.As tidal volumes increase, convective flow dominates gas exchange deeper into the respiratory bronchioles.In any case, within the respiratory acinus, the distance from the convective tidal front to alveolar surfaces is short enough so that efficient CO2 O2 exchange takes place by molecular diffusion.By contrast, airborne particles, with diffusion coefficients smaller by orders of magnitude than those for gases, tend to remain suspended in the tidal air, and can be exhaled without deposition.Figure 1. 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Morphometry, cytology, histology, function and structure of the respiratory tract and regions used in the 1.ICRP dosimetry model A significant fraction of the inhaled particles do deposit within the respiratory tract.The mechanisms accounting for particle deposition in the lung airways during the inspiratory phase of a tidal breath are summarized in figure 1.Particles larger than about 2 m in aerodynamic diameter diameter of a unit density sphere having the same terminal settling Stokes velocity can have significant momentum and deposit by impaction at the relatively high velocities present in the larger airways.Particles larger than about 1 m can deposit by sedimentation in the smaller conductive airways, where flow velocities are very low.Finally, particles with diameters between 0.This volumetric exchange occurs because of the variable time constants for airflow in the different segments of the lungs.Due to the much longer residence times of the residual air in the lungs, the low intrinsic particle displacements of 0.Figure 1.Mechanisms for particle deposition in lung airways The essentially particle free residual lung air that accounts for about 1.The number of particles deposited and their distribution along the respiratory tract surfaces are, along with the toxic properties of the material deposited, the critical determinants of pathogenic potential.The deposited particles can damage the epithelial andor the mobile phagocytic cells at or near the deposition site, or can stimulate the secretion of fluids and cell derived mediators that have secondary effects on the system.Soluble materials deposited as, on, or within particles can diffuse into and through surface fluids and cells and be rapidly transported by the bloodstream throughout the body.Aqueous solubility of bulk materials is a poor guide to particle solubility in the respiratory tract.Solubility is generally greatly enhanced by the very large surface to volume ratio of particles small enough to enter the lungs.Furthermore, the ionic and lipid contents of surface fluids within the airways are complex and highly variable, and can lead to either enhanced solubility or to rapid precipitation of aqueous solutes.Furthermore, the clearance pathways and residence times for particles on airway surfaces are very different in the different functional parts of the respiratory tract.The revised ICRP Task Groups clearance model identifies the principal clearance pathways within the respiratory tract that are important in determining the retention of various radioactive materials, and thus the radiation doses received by respiratory tissues and other organs after translocation.The ICRP deposition model is used to estimate the amount of inhaled material that enters each clearance pathway.These discrete pathways are represented by the compartment model shown in figure 1.Figure 1.Compartment model to represent time dependent particle transport from each region in 1.ICRP model.Particle transport rate constants shown beside the arrows are reference values in d.Compartment numbers shown in the lower right hand corner of each compartment box are used to define clearance pathways.Thus, the particle transport rate from bb.BB1 is denoted m.They correspond to the anatomic compartments illustrated in figure 1.Table 1.Respiratory trract regions as defined in particle deposition models.Anatomic structures included.ACGIH Region.ISO and CEN Regions.ICRP Task Group Region.ICRP Task Group Region.Nose, nasopharynx Mouth, oropharynx, laryngopharynx.Head airways HARExtrathoracic ENasopharynx NPAnterior nasal passages ET1All other extrathoracic ET2 Trachea, bronchi.Tracheobronchial TBRTracheobronchial BTracheobronchial TBTrachea and large bronchi BBBronchioles to terminal bronchioles Bronchioles bb Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli.Gas exchange GERAlveolar APulmonary PAlveolar interstitial AI Extrathoracic airways As shown in figure 1.ICRP 1. 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How To Install Mac Os X Snow Leopard On A Pc Using Vmware Snapshots' title='How To Install Mac Os X Snow Leopard On A Pc Using Vmware Snapshots' />Reddit user Toweringhorizon painstakingly assembled the drawing To a Little Radio using MS Paint tools like the oil brush, stretching the medium while.Fusion makes running Windows on a Mac easy to implement and use.Discover how easy it is to run Windows applications on a Mac with VMware today.Virtual reality for Mac.Its a whole new world.OS High Sierra lets developers create interactive virtual reality experiences on Mac for the first time, using.A communitybuilt site of hints and tips on using Apples new Mac OS X operating system.OS High Sierra Apple.Virtual reality for Mac.Its a whole new world.OS High Sierra lets developers create interactive virtual reality experiences on Mac for the first time, using the new i.E_ehLT8UI/hqdefault.jpg' alt='How To Install Mac Os X Snow Leopard On A Pc Using Vmware Snapshots' title='How To Install Mac Os X Snow Leopard On A Pc Using Vmware Snapshots' />Mac with Retina 5.K display, the new i.Mac Pro coming in late 2.Mac paired with an external GPU.With optimized support for Valves Steam.VR and the HTC Vive VR headset, and content creation apps like Final Cut Pro X, Epic Unreal 4 Editor, and Unity Editor, developers have everything they need to create immersive new worlds for you to explore.RIP, Microsoft Paint.MS Paint, the first app you used for editing images, will probably be killed off in future updates of Windows 1.Paint 3. D. Microsoft lists the 3.Windows 1. 0s next autumn update, a little X marking the end of an era.The app is certainly a relic, from a time when the casual computer user couldnt crack open Photoshop or Skitch or Pixelmator or thousands of web apps.MS Paint cant save image components as layers or vectors its for making flat static images only.It doesnt smooth lines or guess at your best intentions.It does what you tell it and nothing more, faithfully representing the herky jerky motion of drawing freehand with a computer mouse.Its from a time before touch, a time before trackpads.As more sophisticated options appeared, Paints janky aesthetic became a conscious choice.Paint became the metonym for that aesthetic, even if an image was actually created in another app.TV Tropes lists major limitations that came to define a certain look the wobbly freehand lines, awkward color handling, and inappropriate export settings that give Paint its distinctive look.In 2. 01. 4, Gawkers Sam Biddle noted Paints influence on conspiracy theory images, calling the form Chart Brut.In amateur detectives attempts at identifying the Boston Marathon bombers, the simplicity and jaggedness of Paint evokes the crazy wall aesthetic of red string and scribbled notes, apparently without irony.The same year, internet historian Patrick Davison explored Paints influence on the last decade of meme culture, particularly Rage Comics.The outsider art aesthetic feels appropriate to the relatable everyday content, and makes the art form unthreatening.Of course, Paint offered a few features to smooth things out, like the circle and line tools and the fill tool, all used in the stoner comics of the early 1.Crucially, those circles still had jagged curves.The bright colors of stoner comics are flat, as MS Paint didnt support gradients without an elaborate hack.Contrast those pixellated lines with the slick, stylish face from this art tutorial This slickness is built into Paints successor, Paint 3.D. From the moment you start sketching, Paint 3.D smooths out your art.It also supports automatic selection tools and content aware fill to rival Photoshops.By automatically improving art, Paint 3.D hides the process behind the image.Paints sloppiness is probably why rage comics got so popular.Looking at a rage comic, you can tell exactly how it was drawn, and how you might draw one yourself.By delivering exactly what the artist draws, MS Paint forms an image that the viewer can mentally reverse engineer and imitate.Unless you go absolutely nuts with it.Reddit user Toweringhorizon painstakingly assembled the drawing To a Little Radio using MS Paint tools like the oil brush, stretching the medium while maintaining a pixelated look.Its one of the top submissions to MS Paint subreddit, a beautiful collaborative art gallery.Scrolling through this art feels like flipping through the sketchbook of the most artistic kid in high school.Theres an accepted roughness, a desired minimalism. Toy Story 3 Dansk Tale Download Youtube . For example, the exquisite raindrops in the work above are reflected in a flat, featureless tabletop.Like a transistor radio, Paint might be showing its age, but this tenacious little gadget should not be underestimated.To a Little Radio doesnt even come close to testing Paints limits.As we say goodbye to the app that shaped an era, let us watch this bizarrely soundtracked time lapse of drawing Santa Claus in MS Paint on Windows 7 over the course of 5.We can only believe this is real because faking it would be even harder. |
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